The paper considers the issue of one of the widespread types of vector control realization for the asynchronous motors with a short-circuited rotor. Of all more than 20 vector control types known presently, the following are applied most frequently: direct vector control with velocity pickup (VP), direct vector control without VP, indirect vector control with VP and indirect vector control without VP. Despite the fact that the asynchronous-motor indirect vector control without VP is the easiest and most spread, the absence of VP does not allow controlling the motor electromagnetic torque at zero velocity. This is the reason why for electric motor drives of such requirements they utilize the vector control with a velocity transducer. The systems of widest dissemination became the direct and indirect vector control systems with X-axis alignment of the synchronously rotating x–y-coordinate frame along the rotor flux-linkage vector inasmuch as this provides the simplest correlations for controlling variables. Although these two types of vector control are well presented in literature, a number of issues concerning their realization and practical application require further elaboration. These include: the block schemes adequate representation as consisted with the modern realization of vector control and clarification of the analytical expressions for evaluating the regulator parameters.

The authors present a technique for evaluating the dynamics of an asynchronous electric motor drive with direct vector control and x-axis alignment along the vector of rotor flux linkage. The article offers a generalized structure of this vector control type with detailed description of its principal blocks: controlling system, frequency converter, and the asynchronous motor.

The paper presents a direct vector control simulating model developed in the MatLab environment on the grounds of this structure. The authors illustrate the described technique with the results of the computer based simulation of a specific electric drive on the basis of an asynchronous motor 4А132S4У3 (7,5 kW) with direct vector control at the rated loading. The results confirm validity of the presented technique to investigation of the

The capacity losses values both loading and off-load are topmost parameters characterizing the distribution mains customers’ transformers operating effectiveness. Precise determination of the specified values facilitates substantiated choice of the optimizing procedures. The actuality of the given topic increases owing to the fact that the modern electric grid utilizes plenty of the oil-transformers whose time in commission considerably exceeds the statutory 25 years. Under the conditions of continued operation the power-losses measurement according to the functioning guidelines does not seem always possible.

The authors present an improved power-losses assessment technique based on the currently accepted thermal model of the oil-transformer. They indicate the deficiency of the existing technique and substantiate some of the changes in practical application of the mathematical model. The article makes an emphasis on peculiarities of the temperature changes in the oil-transformer and offers a prototype device of open architecture for realizing the improved technique of the power-losses measurement. The paper describes the device design features and functionality options and depicts its sketchy schematic. The authors note the potential of additional to assessing the power-losses volume, transmitting the obtained information to the dispatcher  via  GSM-connection  for  simplification  of  the  transformer  status  monitoring; as well as the capability of integrating the device into the system of the transformer thermal protection. The practical merit and application scope of the obtained results are in development and choice of the optimizing measures to be taken in the distributive electrical grids, e. g. the transformer replacement.

 The article presents and substantiates a simplified mathematical simulation model realization technique for a three-phase bank of current transformers (CT) based on their nameplate data. The secondary windings and load of the current transformers form a Y-connected circuit with neutral conductor. Consistent with the presented technique the simplified mathematical simulation realizes in the dynamic-modeling environment of MatLab–Simulink–SimPowerSystems. This simulation allows obtaining the secondary current curve shape entering only the nameplate data of the CT being simulated. Thus, the simulation under consideration enables the assessment of technical feasibility of the CT from viewpoint of correct functioning of the relay protective devices during transient processes in the electric energy systems.

Employing the model, the authors conduct computational experiments simulating the CT typical operating modes: short-circuit current passage with presence/absence of the direct component and short-circuit current passage with presence of the direct component and residual magnetic induction of the CT. The paper examines the modes of automatic re-closing failure at different stages of the breaker closure with oscillograms drawn illustrating each characteristic case.

The authors compare two methods for the CT iron magnetization-curve assigning: manual approximation and the Ollendorf-formula approximation. Relying on this comparison they conclude on feasability of application of the magnetization-curve approximating function for the CT operating analysis during transient processes in the electric energy systems. An elaborated user-friendly graphic interface provides a means of visual assigning the CT nominal parameters, the residual magnetic induction, and the method of the transformer iron magnetization curve approximation. The results of conducted computational experiments prove feasibility of the CT-bank simulation model.

The paper considers one of the ways for improving power quality videlicet employment of the power active filtering-balancing devices capable of contemporaneous exercising compensation of the reactive power consumed from the mains, distortion power, and symmetrizing the phase currents with high precision and operating speed. In forming the current of the power active filtering-balancing device a few power theories gained ground, distinguishing among others the Frieze theory and the p–q theory. These presentations differ from the methods laid as theoretical grounds of the electric energy accounting systems.

The article presents an analysis in the compliant system of the effect of the current projections on the power components formation character. The authors formulate the advantages and defective features of the noted theories being applied in case of the power active filteringbalancing device operating with unsymmetrical parameters of the mains. The paper considers the vectors asymmetrical system presentation by means of the symmetrical components 1–2–0 (Fortescue transformation) and in via α–β–0 re-expression (Clarke transformation). For practical evaluation of the currents correlation in α–β–0 and 1–2–0 measuring systems, the authors stage and perform a series of experiments where oneand two-phase amplitude asymmetries, one-phase phasic dissymmetry as well as asymmetries with occurrence of higher harmonic components are realized. The currents effective values summary from the series of experiments being presented graphically as function of the unsymmetry current amplitude educe incongruity of the results. Visually however, a similarity of the form and the character is observed, which allows performing correlation coefficient estimation of the mean square values of the currents in α–β–0 and 1–2–0 systems. That allows making conclusion of a high degree of the obtained results correlation.

 

Employing dolomite in the capacity of a sorbent for generator gas purification is of considerable interest nowadays, as it is the impurity of generator gas that causes the major problem for creating cheep and effective co-generator plants. Designing gas purification systems employs simple but physically adequate macrokinetic models of dolomite thermal decomposition.  The  paper  analyzes  peculiarities  of  several  contemporaneous  models  of  dolomite and calcite thermal decomposition and infers on reasonable practicality for creating compact engineering dolomite-decomposition macrokinetic models and universal techniques of these models parameter reconstruction for specific dolomite samples. Such technics can be founded on thermogravimetric data and standard approximation error minimizing algorithms.

The author assumes that CO2  evacuation from the reaction zone within the particle may proceed by diffusion mechanism and/or by the Darcy filtration and indicates that functional dependence of the thermal-decomposition rate from the particle sizes and the temperature differs for the specified mechanisms. The paper formulates four macrokinetic models whose correspondence verification is grounded on the experimental data. The author concludes that further work in this direction should proceed with the dolomite samples investigation and selecting the best approximation model describing experimental data in wide range of temperatures, warming up rates and the particle sizes.

The choice of the controlling system structure, law of control, and optimal parameters for the regulator dynamic settings exercise, under principal influences, substantial effect on quality of the transient processes of water-level change in the shell of the boiler. At the present moment, techniques of design by analysis for the optimal regulating systems allow improving quality of the transient processes. Applying the method of structural-parametrical optimization and the invariance theory render it possible to significantly improve quality of the boiler-shell water level maintaining by means of changing the system structure and optimizing the feed automatic-control system dynamic settings. However, this becomes attainable at the expense of increasing the control-action maximum magnitude with the feeding water rate. At the same time, the indicator of the latter should be less than the control-action value of the typical threeelement control of the feed-regulation system as this directly links to the boiler equipment safety, the drum metal and the feed-water economizer longevity. For removal of this shortcoming, the paper proposes to form in parallel to the real inertial region of the controlled member its dynamic simulation which allows separating the equivalent external disturbance without having to measure it. And to limit the compensation device output to the control-action value of the typical three-element control system of the automatic feed-regulation. This leads to the maximum control-action magnitude decrease, besides, the external-disturbances execution time remains unchanged. Altogether, under all the influences, the authors report of receiving substantial improvement of regulation quality as compared with the typical three-element automatic feed-regulation system

The paper offers a simple but sufficiently accurate technique of the mid-normative heattransfer coefficient for any dwelling house applying the known dimensions, required thermalprotection level and specified facade-glazing portion. The authors present the ascertainment technique of the mid-normative heat-transfer coefficient for a dwelling house with the number of stories from 1 to 16 and the required level of thermal protection. They establish the theoretical dependence and parameters affecting the rate of heat-losses through the external building borders. The article considers the thermal-protection level effect on the heating load and the heating-season fuel consumption rate and finds the correlation between the regulatory requirements to the thermal resistance of certain elements of the building.

The authors note the effect of the building geometrical characteristics on the heat-losses rate of the wall portion in the total area of the external borders and its relative quantity as compared with the floor-space of the heated accommodations. The comparison of the specific heat-losses computation results for buildings of 1-, 2-, 4-, 8and 16-storeys with the SNiP 23-02–2003 maximum permissible values show the computational results being less than the maximum values on average by 12 %. This permits recommending the normative heat-transfer coefficient of dwelling houses for evaluating heat-loses at the concept-design stage with the building external-borders engineering constructions being indeterminate or yet under development.

 The article proposes the theoretical framework of ventilation processes emerging and going on in the stages of TPP steam turbines during the operating regimes with small-quantity volumetric flow rates in the low-pressure cylinder. The basic theory includes new physicomathematical models for estimating the ventilating capacity losses and ventilation heatings-up of the steam and the air-gas channel of the turbine; search and investigation of the factors causing the increased momental loads on the blade wheels of the finale stages which are likely to lead to destruction of the rotating blades. The paper renders the practical results of utilizing the theoretical framework of ventilation processes.

The author obtains a new mathematical relation for high-accuracy assessment of the ventilating capacity losses accounting for all the diversification of parameters defining the level of these losses (it is established that the Coriolis force contributes twice as much to the ventilating capacity losses as the centrifugal force). Seven ordinary formulae obtained on its basis provide a separate stage ventilation-losses immediate evaluation (with rotation blades of the finale stage not unwinding from the turning, with rotation blades of the finale and intermediate stages unwinding from the turning), in the turbine altogether-vapor-evacuated including by readings of the regular instruments located at the connecters of the exhaust part of the lowpressure cylinder.

As the cornerstone of the new ventilation heating-up evaluation system the author lays two experimentally established facts: the ventilating capacity losses are practically constant at working steam negligible volumetric flow rates; symmetrical ventilating flows in the blade channel mingle entirely to the moment of their split up at the periphery. This renders possible estimating the complete enthalpy increment of the steam being discharged from a stage in relation to the enthalpy of the steam being drawn into the blade channel of the blade wheel out of the vapor space of the condenser. The research establishes and acknowledges the influence of a wide spectrum of parameters on the ventilating capacity losses level and ventilation heatings-up in a turbine stage, indicates the measures for them. The estimation results of ventilating losses and ventilation heatings-up are close to the experimental findings of different researchers.

The  article  considers  comparative  operation-efficiency  of  the  low-temperature  heatsupply systems with heat pumping plants (HPP) and with hot-water boilers. The paper shows that for energy evaluation of the alternative heat-supply systems effectiveness one cannot employ the transformation ratio (heating coefficient) and the fuel heat-utilization factor in the HPP. Nonetheless the transformation ratio enters the formulae designating the efficiency of HPP operation. The authors obtain a generalized formula for ascertainment of transformation ratio and suggest evaluating the operation efficiency of the heat-supply systems by means of indicators specifying relative gain in the exergy-efficiency factor, fuel savings and saving expenditures connected with fuel and utilities. They attain formulae and build nomographic charts for those indicators ascertainment. The operation-efficiency comparative analysis of the low-temperature heat supply systems with HPP and with hot-water boilers shows that the HPP systems increase their effectiveness with transformation ratio, fuel price increase as well as with low electric-energy prices. The article specifies that with fuel low prices, the transformation-ratios limiting values with which the HPP operation-efficacy gains, grow. Energy-efficiency increase in the HPP does not always guaranty their economic effectiveness. These findings are true only for the heating systems. The hot water-supply systems will require the HPP condenser water additional heating to the assumed temperature from another thermal source, which reduces the effectiveness of the heat pump plants utilizing.