Устойчивые энергетические трансформации: нивелирование негативных экстерналий

В настоящее время мировая энергетическая система сталкивается с многочисленными  переходами  и  сдвигами  существующих  социально-технических  режимов в сторону повышения устойчивости. Наряду с этим такие устойчивые трансформации часто откладываются, замедляются или отклоняются, чтобы избежать негативных внешних факторов, которые могут угрожать стабильности системы. Авторы статьи постарались донести более глубокое понимание внешних эффектов (экстерналий) энергетических трансформаций и уязвимости энергетических систем под воздействием негативных внешних факторов, вызванных устойчивыми энергетическими трансформациями. Используя теорию экстерналий (Баумоль, Оутс), теорию социотехнических трансформаций Гилса, а также метод трилеммы энергетической устойчивости для оценки устойчивости энергетических систем, можно утверждать, что такие внешние эффекты должны быть подвержены специальным мерам энергетической политики, отличным от общепринятых (классических) способов, которые могут привести к замедлению устойчивых трансформаций в энергетике и создать для них дополнительные барьеры. Рассмотрен переход к более чистым и низкоуглеродным энергетическим системам, использующим такие энергетические технологии, как солнечная энергия, энергия ветра, малая гидроэнергетика, биомасса, утилизация отходов, электронные транспортные средства. Проведена классификация широкого спектра методов политики (классических и новых), применяемых по отдельности и одновременно, выполнен анализ их использования при разработке энергетической политики, направленной на борьбу с негативными побочными эффектами трансформаций на пути к энергетической устойчивости во всем мире, которые можно минимизировать с помощью надлежащим образом разработанной энергетической политики каждой страны.

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