The capacity of power-distributive oil-transformers is selected on the basis of their operational mode cost-effectiveness and power-supply reliability of the electrical recipients on condition that the transformers duty should not lead to reduction of their normal life-in-service. Unconscionable and protracted overloads intrinsically decrease reliability and respectively service life of the transformers owing to increased wear of the winding insulation because of the excessive heat. The unaccounted previous loading history and possible changes of the risen overload in the course of its further development can lead to poor accuracy in the admissible overload time estimation. Therefore, that may lead to intolerable excessive heat in the winding insulation or underutilization of the potential overload capacity of the transformers. Which limits the potentiality of complete demand satisfaction of the electrical consumers. This is exactly why the acting GOST 14209–97 strongly recommends the consumers to make their own calculations of the load-carrying capacity based on the real load curves.

The authors present a method for ascertainment of the admissible duration of the systematic non-emergency overload of a distributive oil-transformer. The ascertainment method accounts for the overload repetition-factor alteration on the time-interval of its occurrence and respectively the variation in the transformer thermal state. The employment of this method will allow improving accuracy in ascertainment of the admissible duration of the systematic non-emergency overloads and eventually the reliability of the transformer operation and the power-supply system in its entirety. The method realization is intended by means of the transformer-load monitoring as one of the tasks of the electric-energy automated control and accounting system.

The paper analyses controllability qua a reliability characteristic of the electric-power grid controlling system. The following notions are used: the object (environment) susceptibility towards the control stimuli, the controlling system adequacy, environment of the secure functioning. The author points to the necessity of accounting for the limitations of technological and organizational character. While liberalizing the electric-power industry, the backbone control-principle “the industry functioning reliability” is being replaced with the principle of “profit-making” that requires complete restatement of the control philosophy.

The conflict between commercial benefit gaining and the reliability assurance expenses leads to losing controllability in all the managerial links and to probable catastrophic consequences. The recapitulation of the Russian Federation power industry privatization substantiates concerns of the liberal ideas poor survivability in the ex-Soviet territories. The results of degradation of the secure-functioning environment demonstrate affinity of the mechanisms that triggered the Chernobyl NPP, Fukusima NPP, and Sayan-Shushenskya HPP disasters. Securing reliability of the strategic objects leaves the competence boundaries of the electricpower industry.

The topical issue of Belorussian electric-power industry functioning and developing is the combination of technical re-equipment (developing the operational dispatch management) and the control-system organizational modernizing in general with gradual and controllable transition to the market mechanisms of functioning. Herewith, preserving the state monopoly on regime provision for the operation of the electric-power system should not leave out the industry appeal for outside investment and is regulated by the optimal degree and intensity of the state participation in governing the electric-power supply industry. The distinction of privatization models and the stages that the countries of the Common Free Market Zone have passed determine Belarus entering the common electric-energy market with limitations at the level of transboundary trade and preservation of the member states internal-commerce structure.

The paper completes ascertainment of electrical-supply scheme reliability for the auxiliaries of a nuclear power plant. Thereat the author considers the system behavior during the block normal operation, carrying out current maintenance, and capital repairs in combination with initiating events. The initiating events for reactors include complete blackout, i.e. the loss of outside power supply (normal and reserve); emergency switching one of the working turbogenerators; momentary dumping the normal rating to the level of auxiliaries with seating the cutout valve of one turbo-generator. The combination of any initiating event with the repairing mode in case of one of the system elements failure should not lead to blackout occurrence of more than one system of the reliable power supply. This requirement rests content with the help of the reliable power supply system self-dependence (electrical and functional) and the emergency power-supply operational autonomy (diesel generator and accumulator batteries).

The reliability indicators of the power supply system for the nuclear power plant auxiliaries are the conditional probabilities of conjoined blackout of one, two, and three sections of the reliable power supply conditional upon an initiating event emerging and the blackout of one, two, and three reliable power-supply sections under the normal operational mode. Furthermore, they also are the blackout periodicity of one and conjointly two, three, and four sections of normal operation under the block normal operational mode. It is established that the blackout of one bus section of normal operation and one section of reliable power-supply system of the auxiliaries that does not lead to complete blackout of the plant auxiliaries may occur once in three years. The probability of simultaneous power failure of two or three normal-operation sections and of two reliable power-supply sections during the power plant service life is unlikely.

The paper offers the mathematically correct notation of the coordinate axes on the plain of complex numbers for Theoretical Science of Electrical Engineering. The complexes of various electrical quantities (electromotances, voltages, currents, capacities, resistances, and conductivities) are proposed to notate similarly showing the significance of observing continuity and uniformity in notation. The author studies various forms of complex power notation. Of all forms of notation currently in use, he reasonably chooses the one mathematically proper and solely adequate to the physical processes. It is known that the calculation of the sine-wave current electrical circuits can be performed by way of transposing the sinusoidal equation (the trigonometrical method) which is cumbersome. Recomposing time diagrams (the timediagram method) of the required sinusoidal functions is demonstrative, however unveracious. The phasor-diagram method is convenient, more pictorial but, like any other graphical approach, moderately inaccurate, cumbersome especially for branched circuits. And finally symbolic (or complex) method which retains visual expressiveness of graphical solution since it is easy to build a phasor diagram by the symbolic notation of electrical quantities. The given method allows analytical solving issues with any degree of precision. Beyond that, the symbolic method holds consistency of the obtained results which follows from the inextricable link between different presentation-methods of the sine functions. There should be no contradictions between these methods which is the principle merit of the proposed notation form. And that will allow avoiding embarrassing mistakes.

The article presents solution for the task of evaluating exergy of the substance in the flow for textile and woven fabrics based on thermodynamic analysis of the corresponding technical systems. The exergy method allows estimating the energy effectiveness for the most problematic heat-technological systems of substance transformation and thus outlining the ways for decreasing the electric-power component in the production prime cost. The actuality of the issue stems from the renowned scenario alteration on the world energy market and is aggravated by necessity of retaining and building up the export potential of the light industry as an important component of the republic national-economic complex. The exergy method has been here for quite a long time and saw the interest fading and appearing again with periodicity of the research-generations alternation. Cooling down of every new generation towards the specified method is explained mostly by unresolved problem of the exergy evaluation for diverse materials, which poses a problem in the course of analysis of the substance transformation systems. The specified problem as a general rule does not create obstacles for energyconversion systems. However, the situation with substance-transformation systems is by far more complicated primarily due to diversity of the materials and respectively of the specification peculiarities of such component of the substance exergy in the flow as chemical component. Abeyance of conclusion in finding the chemical component of the substance exergy does not allow performing thermodynamic valuation of the energy provision for the heat-technological process in full measure. Which complicates the matters of decision-making and finding a medium for reduction of their energy consumption. All stated above relates to the textile industry and in the first instance to the finishing production departments.

The authors present the exergy-evaluation problem solution for the substance in the flow for the most common fiber-types: natural animal and phytogenic ones as well as artificial fibers. Moreover, they present the solution for different colorants – basic, acid-type, dispersed. The paper considers the following components of substance exergy: reaction, concentration, and thermomechanical with presentation of their computation, correlation, and assessment deviation. The examples and exergy-computation results of the mentioned coloured fabrics are shown.

The methods of undulatory transillumination found extensive application in engineering and mining practice. They are based on utilization of the parameters of reflected and transmitted waves produced by way of affecting solid materials and formations with diverse sources. In recent years a simplistic technique of the productive-process robust designing enjoys widespread occurrence. It uses notions of ‘signal’ and ‘noise’ and a tenth part of the logarithm value of the reciprocal magnitude of the dispersion squared value corresponds the ratio of the signal and the noise. The article utilizes the confidence boundaries evaluation techniques for dispersion in robust design on chi-square criterion at small sample specified by K. A. Brownly under editorial of academician А. N. Kholmogorov, which essentially increases reliability of the stochastic estimations.

Exemplarily of quantitative assessment in the reliability determination of anomalous zones in mining conditions, the author shows the tracing of a map of the formation graph of regular components of the elastic wave field at seismal transillumination along the layerage of the soliferous rocks of lower industrial pad III of potash horizon of the Starobinski minefield. The article claims the feasibility of the offered technique for stochastic estimation of the measurement results of any process where it is necessary to evaluate the reliability of the signal extraction against the noise background. A simple conditional scale built on basis of time and noise level values taken as a unit is convenient to use. The presented alignment chart and graphical dependencies allow quickly appraise the realization probability of the signalto-noise relation and possibility of its rise. Thereat the obtained evaluations depend little on the probable magnitudes distribution form of the employed value.

The authors present a numerical comparison of the thermal effectiveness of the monophasic-stream axial flowing inside a smooth pipe with transversal flow-around of staggered and in-line tube banks in interval Re = (3−500) × 10³ with equal power input N₀ = idem for priming gas (air) flow. Coefficient estimates the thermal effectiveness quantitatively and represents the relation of heat-emission coefficients of surface i being examined to basesurface k assumed standard. The paper offers estimation formulae for the specific power input N₀ at axial and transverse flowing-around of the tubular surface and shows an accounting technique for the stream-pressure local losses. To exclude the heat-exchange surface square influence on the result and for obtaining the comparable values_i it is indispensable to calculate the power input by the effective value of the surface square.

While performing computations of the energy effectiveness it is necessary to recon with the fact that accounting for the stream-pressure local losses at the tube entrance and exit reduces the axial-stream thermal effectiveness coefficient by 33 %. Transverse flow-around of the smooth tube banks is more efficient in comparison with the in-tube axial flow within the entire interval of numeral Re changing. The staggered banks thermal effectiveness at N0 = idem is by 10−13 % more than of the in-line ones. In transient interval Re = (3−10) × 10³ at N₀ = idem the staggered-bank heat-emission coefficient with outside flow-around exceeds the heat-emission with in-tube air flow by 5−2,1 times, and at Re = 10⁵ – by 1,6 times.

In order to reduce losses in the cooling source (condenser) and to increase effectiveness of fuel-and-power resources utilization, the authors present a modern automatic ball-cleaning system for the pipes of condenser 180-KTsS-1 of turbine unit Т-180/210-130-1 LMZ of Gomel CHP-2. The article examines exploitation challenges of the steam turbine condensers and methods of clearing them from sedimentations. Depending on the sedimentation character and composition, and the quality of cooling water at the power plant, they apply various methods of the condenser tubes clearing: heat drying, vacuum dehydration, acid-washing, pipes-shooting with water and water-air pistols, ablution with high-pressure water jet etc. All the applied cleaning methods are the periodical means to fight the sedimentations and require the turbine halting or unloading, predetermine the equipment operating between clearings with constantly smearing cooling surfaces of the condensers, i.e. with reduced efficiency of equipment operation.

The installation of the ball-cleaning system practically excludes defects of the chemical and mechanical cleaning methods, which leads to the condenser pipes life-in-service increase, the full-flow condensate quality improvement, reliability and efficient performance enhancement of the steam turbines equipment. The authors consider developed algorithms of data processing and designed system control of the condenser cleaning that allowed realizing its operation in automatic mode.

The article presents the results of a research into various hydromechanical processes such as hindered falling of an individual ball in a liquid; suspension of a homogeneous monodispersed granular layer with ascending fluid flow; homogeneous liquid filtration in a porous granular layer. The authors generalize the results of theoretical and experimental studies, employ the theory of similarity, and establish that the laws of hydraulic friction for the mentioned hydromechanical processes share the common ground described by one general equation that provides basis for obtaining the individual formulae computing the studied hydromechanical processes. The formulae appear in dimensionless similitude parameters that reflect correlation of the essential action forces.

The presented scientific results contribute to the theory development of the applied hydromechanical phenomena and the new obtained formulae enable enhancement of the calculation procedures for structures and installations that realize the studied hydraumechanical processes. Thus, the research results for the hindered falling of an individual ball in a liquid can apply in viscosimetry techniques and in handling the problems related to calculations of various movement types and separate units in technologies realizing the hydraulic processes of hindered falling of individual balls in liquids.

Fluidization processes (pseudo-liquefaction) of the granular layers enjoy wide application in various segments of industry for instance in chemical engineering at adsorption, desorption, dissolution, dealkalization, ablution. A new general calculating formula incipiency provides a possibility for technological computations realization under any operational mode. The filtration process is used in industry as well as occurs in nature, for example, in movement of the ground water. At present, the basis for calculating techniques is the monomial Darcy formula defining the filtering rate as function of the hydraulic gradient with bringing in the filtration coefficient. Thereat, the problems appear with determination of the filtration regime and the validity limits for the Darcy’s equation. The incipiency of the proposed in the article new general formula resolves this problem and allows estimating with high accuracy in a wide range of changing conditions.