<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">energy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Энергетика. Известия высших учебных заведений и энергетических объединений СНГ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1029-7448</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2414-0341</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BNTU</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21122/1029-7448-2024-67-3-209-227</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">energy-2384</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Моделирование пассивного сопряжения блоков гибридной системы накопления электроэнергии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Мodelling of Passive Coupling of Battery Units of Hybrid Energy Storage System</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Добрего</surname><given-names>К. B.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dobrego</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Адрес для перепискиДобрего Кирилл ВикторовичБелорусский национальный технический университетпросп. Независимости, 65/13, 220013, г. Минск, Республика БеларусьТел.: +375 17 293-92-16dobrego@bntu.by</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Address for correspondenceDobrego Kirill V.Belаrusian National Technical University65/13, Nezavisimosty Ave., 220013, Minsk, Republic of Belarus Tel.: +375 17 293-92-16dobrego@bntu.by</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dobrego@bntu.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козначеев</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koznacheev</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Червинский</surname><given-names>В. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Charvinski</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский национальный технический университет</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian National Technical University</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт тепло- и массообмена имени А. В. Лыкова НАН Беларуси</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.V. Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>227</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Добрего К.B., Козначеев И.А., Червинский В.Л., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Добрего К.B., Козначеев И.А., Червинский В.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dobrego K.V., Koznacheev I.A., Charvinski V.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://energy.bntu.by/jour/article/view/2384">https://energy.bntu.by/jour/article/view/2384</self-uri><abstract><p>В связи с развитием электротранспорта и ростом «зеленой» энергетики в мире все шире применяются системы накопления электрической энергии. Рост рынка аккумуляторных батарей в последнее десятилетие составлял 20–30 %. Одним из способов повышения эффективности работы накопителя электроэнергии является его гибридизация, т.е. использование разнородных аккумуляторных блоков. В работе исследуются особенности пассивного сопряжения свинцово-кислотных и литий-ионных батарей в гибридном накопителе. Представлена модель для расчета электрических характеристик указанных блоков в процессе работы. Показана возможность выбора структуры гибридного накопителя, обеспечивающей сопоставимый диапазон рабочего напряжения блоков (работы без преобразователей напряжения). Промоделированы режимы работы гибридной системы накопления электроэнергии (СНЭ) как при простом параллельном соединении, так и при коммутации блоков по пороговому алгоритму. Показано, что для выравнивания темпа разрядки основного и дополнительного блоков необходимо согласование емкости СНЭ, степени гибридизации, типа нагрузки и электрических параметров батарей, что невозможно без моделирования системы. При пороговой коммутации блоков появляются дополнительные параметры управления, позволяющие изменять темп разрядки дополнительного блока и повышать экономическую эффективность гибридной СНЭ. Сделаны оценки экономической эффективности работы гибридных СНЭ при различных значениях порогового напряжения коммутации литий-ионного блока, а также для трех характерных нагрузок: вилочного электропогрузчика, 30-квартирного жилого дома и 300-квартирного жилого комплекса. Результаты демонстрируют особенности и технико-экономический потенциал пассивной гибридизации, могут быть использованы при проектировании гибридных СНЭ для небольших энергосистем с солнечными и ветроэлектростанциями, расчете и проектировании систем «генератор – накопитель – потребитель».</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Due to the development of electric transport and the growth of “green” energy, electric energy storage systems (ESS) are increasingly being used in the world. The growth of the battery market in the last decade has been 20-30%. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of an electric power storage device is its hybridization, i.e. the use of heterogeneous battery units. The paper examines the features of passive coupling of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries in a hybrid storage device. A model is presented for calculating the electrical characteristics of these units during operation. The possibility of choosing a hybrid drive structure that provides a comparable operating voltage range of the units (operation without voltage converters) is demonstrated. The modes of operation of a hybrid energy storage system are modeled both for simple parallel connection and for switching blocks according to a threshold algorithm. It is demonstrated that in order to equalize the discharge rate of the main and additional units, it is necessary to coordinate the capacity of the ESS, the degree of hybridization, the type of load and the electrical parameters of the batteries, which is impossible without modeling the system. When the threshold switching of the blocks takes place, additional control parameters, making it possible to change the discharge rate of the additional block and increase the economic efficiency of the hybrid ESS. Estimates of the economic efficiency of hybrid ESSs have been made for different values of the threshold switching voltage of the lithium-ion unit, as well as for three characteristic loads: an electric forklift truck, a 30-apartment apartment building and a 300-apartment residential complex. The results demonstrate the features and technical and economic potential of passive hybridization, can be used for the design of hybrid ESSs for small power systems with solar and wind power plants, in the calculation and design of generator – storage – consumer systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>накопитель электроэнергии</kwd><kwd>аккумулятор</kwd><kwd>свинцово-кислотный аккумулятор</kwd><kwd>литий-ионный аккумулятор</kwd><kwd>гибридный накопитель</kwd><kwd>система управления батареей (BMS)</kwd><kwd>взаимодействие блоков</kwd><kwd>эквивалентная схема</kwd><kwd>моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electric power storage</kwd><kwd>battery</kwd><kwd>lead-acid battery</kwd><kwd>lithium-ion battery</kwd><kwd>hybrid storage</kwd><kwd>battery management system (BMS)</kwd><kwd>block interaction</kwd><kwd>equivalent circuit</kwd><kwd>simulation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мировой рынок накопителей энергии [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://about.bnef.com/blog/1h-2023-energy-storage-market-outlook. Дата доступа: 07.04.2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1H 2023 Energy Storage Market Outlook. Available at: https://about.bnef.com/blog/1h-2023-energy-storage-market-outlook (accessed 07 April 2023) (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добрего, К. В. Моделирование функционального взаимодействия блоков гибридного накопителя электроэнергии / К. В. Добрего, И. А. Козначеев // Энергетика. Изв. высш. учеб. заведений и энерг. объединений СНГ. 2023 Т. 66, № 5. С. 405–422. https://doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2023-66-5-405–422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrego K. V., Koznacheev I. A. (2023) Modelling of Functional Interaction of Hybrid Energy Storage System Battery Units. Energetika. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii i Energeticheskikh Ob’edinenii SNG = Energetika. Proceedings of CIS Higher Education Institutions and Power Engineering Associations, 66 (5), 405–422. https://doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2023-66-5-405-422 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добрего, К. В. К вопросу создания гибридных систем накопления электроэнергии / К. В. Добрего // Энергетика. Изв. высш. учеб. заведений и энерг. объединений СНГ. 2023. Т. 66, № 3. С. 215–232. https://doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2023-66-3-215-232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrego K. V. (2023) On the Problem of Arrangement of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems. Energetika. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii i Energeticheskikh Ob’edinenii SNG = Energetika. Proceedings of CIS Higher Education Institutions and Power Engineering Associations, 66 (3), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2023-66-3-215-232 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ragone, D. V. Review of Battery Systems for Electrically Powered Vehicles / D. V. Ragone // SAE Technical Paper. 1968. 680453. https://doi.org/10.4271/680453.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ragone D. V. (1968) Review of Battery Systems for Electrically Powered Vehicles. SAE Technical Paper, 680453. https://doi.org/10.4271/680453.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Application of Ultracapacitors as Traction Energy Sources / I. N. Varkin [et al.] // Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Similar Energy Storage Devices 1997 Dec 8. Florida Educational Seminars, Boca Raton, 1997. P. 742–749.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varkin I. N., Klementov A. D., Litvinenko S. V., Starodubtsev N. F., Stepanov A. B. Application of Ultracapacitors as Traction Energy Sources. Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Similar Energy Storage Devices 1997 Dec 8. Florida Educational Seminars, Boca Raton, 742–749.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dougal, R. A. Power and Life Extension of Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrids / R. A. Dougal, S. Liu, R. E. White // IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies. 2002. Vol. 25, No 1. P. 120–131. https://doi.org/13110.1109/6144.991184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dougal R. A., Liu S., White R. E. (2002) Power and Life Extension of Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrids. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 25 (1), 120–131. https://doi.org/13110.1109/6144.991184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cericola, D. Hybridization of rechargeable batteries and electrochemical capacitors: principles and limits / D. Cericola, R. Ko¨tz // Electrochim Acta. 2012. Vol. 72. P. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cericola D., Kötz R. (2012) Hybridization of Rechargeable Batteries and Electrochemical Capacitors: Principles and Limits. Electrochim. Acta, 72, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A Frequency Domain Approach to Analyzing Passive Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrids Supplying Periodic Pulsed Current Loads / A. Kuperman [et al.] // Energy Conversion and Management. 2011. Vol. 52, Is. 12. P. 3433–3438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.07.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuperman A., Aharon I., Kara A., Malki S. (2011) A Frequency Domain Approach to Analyzing Passive Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrids Supplying Periodic Pulsed Current Loads. Energy Conversion and Management, 52 (12), 3433–3438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.07.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuperman, A. Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrids for Pulsed Current Loads: A Review / A. Kuperman, I. Aharon // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011. Vol. 15, Nо 2. P. 981–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuperman A., Aharon I. (2011) Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrids for Pulsed Current Loads: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (2), 981–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Catenaro, E. Framework for Energy Storage Selection to Design the Next Generation of Electrified Military Vehicles / E. Catenaro, D. M. Rizzo, S. Onori // Energy. 2021. Vol. 231. P. 120695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120695.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Catenaro E., Rizzo D. M., Onori S. (2021) Framework for Energy Storage Selection to Design the Next Generation of Electrified Military Vehicles. Energy, 231, 120695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120695.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shepherd, C. M. Design of Primary and Secondary Cells: II. An Equation De-scribing Battery Discharge // Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 1965. Vol. 112, No 7. P. 657–664. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2423659.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shepherd C. M. (1965) (1965). Design of Primary and Secondary Cells: II. An Equation Describing Battery Discharge. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 112 (7), 657–664. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2423659.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добрего, К. В. Модель электрической нагрузки жилищно-коммунального объекта для исследования систем «генератор – накопитель – потребитель» методом Монте-Карло / К. В. Добрего // Наука и техника. 2017. Т. 16, № 2. С. 160–170. https://doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2017-16-2-160-170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrego K. V. (2017) Model for Electric Load of Community Housing Projects to Investigate “Generator – Accumulator – Consumer” System while Using Monte-Carlo Method. Nauka i Tehnika = Science &amp; Technique, 16 (2), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2017-16-2-160-170 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
