Ecological and Economic Efficiency of Traditional and Alternative Methods of Electrical Energy Production with the Features of the Islamic Republic of Iran

The problems of energy, environment protection and ecology play a major role in the development of economy strategy in any country. Most of the traditional power stations operating on organic fuels have a negative impact on the environment. Furthermore, there is a depletion of natural resources due to human activities. One of the ways to solve the problem of environmentally friendly energy production is to use alternative sources of energy. Based on the foregoing, the development of the strategy for the development of traditional and alternative energy must consider environmental and economic factors in a specific country. In the present work it was evaluated the environmental and economic efficiency of application of traditional and alternative energy with regard to the conditions of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The program packages RETScreen which is one of the most effective tools to accomplish the task was used. Calculations of cumulative cash flow from the operation of power plants using different types of primary energy are carried out using models of package RETScreen for assessing the input efficiency of various types of energy sources aiming to cover the intending growth in electricity demands and the environmental assessment with reference to different countries. The results of the study showed that the planning prospects of the development of energy systems in relation to the Islamic Republic of Iran to cover the expected growth in electricity demands it is advisable to use the alternative energy sources, and, first of all, the generating capacity based on solar and wind energy.

Dependences of the values of the total cash flow from the operation of the power plants on the number of years of their operation as results of calculations were obtained.
All countries mentioned above can be divided into two groups according to the type of the total cash flow dynamics.The first group includes countries, where the cumulative cash flow from the operation of the generating facilities using various types of primary energy starts to grow since the introduction of the plant into operation according to a linear law (fig.1).The second group consists of the countries, where the cumulative cash flow is characterized by a non-linear increase and can even delayed in time (fig.2).
From the countries reviewed the first group includes France, Italy, Lithuania, Spain, Sweden and Ukraine, and the second one -Armenia, Belarus, Iraq, Iran, Russia and Turkey.To assess the economic efficiency of power-generating facilities, using various types of primary energy, different approaches based on the type of dynamics of formation of total income were used [6].
For the group of countries where the dynamics is linear, the total cash flow as the indicator of effectiveness was used.So, the increase in the total cash flow starting from the first year of operation can be described by the equation y = ax, where x is the sequence number of the operation year, a is a coefficient that defines the growth of aggregate cash flow during the year, which is a measure of efficiency and depends on the characteristics of a particular economy.
Sweden is characterized by a high level of economic development.As a result the profit from the input of the system can be obtained due to the significant volume of equity investment, lower rates on loans, long term lending, long-term investments and other economic factors associated with low levels of investment risks.
For a group of countries where the dynamics of income from the operation of the generating capacity has non-linear dependence the other approach are used.To define a function that describes this process the approximation of the data using the software complex Origin was carried out.For these countries the dynamics of the increase in total cash flow can be described as an exponential rate and almost perfectly described by the expression where x -number of years since the beginning of the project; a -coefficient, which is the base constant annual growth of aggregate cash flow and the coefficient b is a measure of the intensity of the increase of this flow.The efficiency of the generating capacity in this case is directly dependent on the coefficient a and has the inverse relationship on the coefficient b.
A long payback period of projects in the Islamic Republic of Iran is due to the specific characteristics of schemes of financing construction and mainte-Total cash flow, dollars Эколого-экономическая эффективность традиционных и альтернативных способов… nance of objects.First of all, there is the lack of own funds for investments in the projects implementation, high interest rates on loans, limitations on the ability for long-term loans and investment and other economic factors associated with high levels of investment risks.These factors are, primarily, the result of the U.S. and the European Union economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran (in particular, the embargo on oil supplies), which ran for 10 years and significantly reduced the level of economic development of the country.
Tab. 1 shows the values of annual income for generating capacity using different types of primary energy in the countries of the first group.The ratios of the primary economic effectiveness for generation capacity using different types of primary energy are presented in fig. 3. Clearly, the efficiency of hydropower and energy produced with natural gas is by orders of magnitude superior to the corresponding data for wind and solar energy (fig.3).The ratios of the primary economic effectiveness for generation capacity using different types of primary energy are presented in fig. 4 and similar to countries of the first group (fig.3).As well we see the superiority of gas and hydropower.With respect to Iran it can be noted that the energy complex allows annually producing 33000 MW of electricity.Moreover, 75 % of this amount gives natural gas, 18 % oil, 7 % hydroelectric power plants [7][8][9].At the same time, there are prerequisites for efficient use of alternative energy sources [10].Since Iran is devoted to the second group of countries, it is important to evaluate the efficiency of the alternative sources taking into account peculiarities of the country [11].
Despite the overall prevalence the total income can not fully characterize the ratio of the economic efficiency of power-generating facilities using various types of primary energy.In this case it is necessary to consider the costs that accompany a particular method of generating electrical energy and primarily construction costs and environmental damage.
Based on mentioned above the method described for evaluating the economic efficiency of generating capacity using different types of primary energy was Эколого-экономическая эффективность традиционных и альтернативных способов… in a certain way modified.The modification consisted in accounting of specific costs of construction and indirect environmental costs associated with emission into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide for different types of generating capacities in terms of 1 MW [12,13].This approach allowed us to obtain the results displayed in tab.3, 4 and fig.5, 6.It is obvious that taking into account the specific costs of construction and indirect environmental costs associated with emission into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, the ratio between generation capacities using conventional and alternative forms of energy varies substantially [14].
For the countries of the "European" group the "gas" power which is predominant in the absolute amounts of profits over the "wind" and "solar" ones but with the accounting environmental and economic efficiency is inferior to alternative methods of producing electrical energy (fig.3, 5).
A similar effect is observed also for the countries of the second group.The ratio of economic efficiency of traditional and alternative methods of producing energy moves significantly towards the direction of the generating capacities that use energy of wind and Sun.
The degree of change in the ratio of the economic efficiency of generating facilities that use as primary energy renewable sources compared to the efficiency of facilities using the energy from the combustion of natural gas is presented in tab.5, 6.It is obvious that generating capacities that use as primary energy the Solar one have maximum environmental and economic efficiency in both groups of studied countries.The ecological-economic effectiveness of electricity production using solar energy will increase steadily with the prospect of reducing specific cost of construction solar-power stations in the next 30-35 years almost 2 times.This is true, in the first place, for the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has many sunny days and has little water reserves.

CONCLUSION
Analysis of the results has shown that ecological and economic efficiency of power generating installations using the energy of river runoff surpasses a similar indicator of the thermal power plants using natural gas by 3-4 times.Wind and heliostations surpass thermal installations in this indicator more than an order of magnitude.Hence, when planning prospects of development of power systems to cover the estimated growth of energy demand with respect to the Islamic Republic of Iran it is advisable to install units based on alternative energy sources, first of all, generating capacity using solar energy and wind energy.
эффективность традиционных и альтернативных способов… friendly energy is to use alternative sources of energy.Different countries seek for different solutions in the field of energy development in relation to their features.Based on the above, it is necessary to consider environmental and economic factors in relation to the specific country during the planning of a strategy for the development of traditional and alternative energy.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.The value of the annual income-generating capacity using different types of primary energy in the European Union countries and Ukraine (USA dollars)For these countries with the nonlinear dynamics of operating income the annual income median is used as the performance indicator.Tab. 2 shows the va-

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. The values of median annual income for generation capacities that use different types of primary energy for countries of the second group